![]() ![]() Article 1, Section 9 of the US Constitution states, "The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it." There have been many instances of the use of the military within the borders of the United States, such as during the Whiskey Rebellion and in the South during the Civil Rights Movement, but those acts are not tantamount to a declaration of martial law. The ability to suspend habeas corpus is related to the imposition of martial law. The martial law concept in the United States is closely tied to the right of habeas corpus, which is, in essence, the right to a hearing and trial on lawful imprisonment, or more broadly, the supervision of law enforcement by the judiciary. ![]() In the United States, martial law has been used in a limited number of circumstances, such as New Orleans during the Battle of New Orleans after major disasters, such as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, or during riots, such as the Omaha race riot of 1919 or the 1920 Lexington riots local leaders declared martial law to protect themselves from mob violence, such as Nauvoo, Illinois, during the Illinois Mormon War, or Utah during the Utah War or in response to chaos associated with protests and rioting, such as the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, in Hawaii after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and during the Civil Rights Movement in response to the Cambridge riot of 1963. In each state, the governor has the power to impose martial law within the borders of the state. On a national level, both the US President and the US Congress have the power, within certain constraints, to impose martial law since both can be in charge of the militia. Martial law in the United States refers to times in United States history in which in a region, state, city, or the whole United States was placed under the control of a military body. Today, Kahe has six units with a total generating capacity of 650,000 KW.Displacement of civil law by military rule in America In 1963, the state's first reheat steam turbine generator went on line at Kahe. Highways and freeways were under construction - and everything and everyone required electric power.Īfter seven years of research into population growth and residential and industrial expansion, Hawaiian Electric began building a new power plant at Kahe in west Oahu. Tourism boomed, new hotels mushroomed and in 1967, Hawaii's visitor count topped the million mark. Ala Moana Shopping Center - first opened in 1959 - completed a second phase in 1966 to become the largest shopping center in the country at the time. Over the next 10 years, Hawaiian Electric's plants and facilities increased by as much as they had during the entire history of the company.Ī new multi-million dollar airport was built, and the University of Hawaii was expanded. ![]() For the 50th State, it was to be a period of astounding economic growth. The granting of statehood in 1959 and the arrival of the first passenger jet transport made Hawaii one of the premier vacation destinations in the world. Hawaiian Electric's new 116,000-KW downtown Honolulu power plant became operational in 1954. In 1950, a total of 66 new subdivisions were developed. The following year ice and cold storage services were discontinued. In 1947, the Ward Avenue operations building was constructed. The wartime blackout was lifted in May 1944 and martial law ended that fall.Īs Hawaiian Electric entered its sixth decade, the entire island of Oahu had been electrified and some 52,000 customers were on its books. Hawaiian Electric power plants at Honolulu and Waiau furnished more than one million kilowatt hours of electricity each day at the height of the war effort. troops working around the clock, the company built two 44,000-volt lines to service military bases. The plant's log book records, "The plant is under attack - secured everything." Later, power plants are painted in camouflage and reinforced with steel and concrete.Īfter the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Honolulu was placed under a strict blackout and the government spent $300,000 to reinforce Hawaiian Electric Company's primary power plants against further air attacks.Įven the blackout didn't lessen the need for electric energy. As Japanese war planes strafe the Waiau Power Plant at Pearl Harbor with machine gun fire, 13 workers stay at their posts to safely shut down the plant in 1941. ![]() Hawaiian Electric celebrates its 50th anniversary in 1941 during the advent of World War II in Hawaii. ![]()
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